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String concatenation is one of the most widely used operations in programming. It refers to connecting two or more strings by putting one string at the end of another string. To concatenate strings in Bash, we can write string variables one...

We can only execute certain commands as the root user using sudo the command. The root user is also called sudo a user. In CentOS , we can add users by adding them to wheel the group, or by adding them to /etc/sudoers files under the direct...

VMware tools allow us to run multiple operating systems on a single machine, providing virtualization. We use VMWare tools to improve the performance of virtual machines. VMware tools provide features like faster graphics performance, share...

We can use the terminal lsb-release and hostnamectl commands to check the Ubuntu version installed in the system. We can also etc check the Ubuntu version by checking the file, or we can Gnome query it by . There are many ways to check the...

Like any operating system, Linux can have multiple user accounts. Sometimes we may need to use a different user account to access files or run commands that require permissions as root. This article explains how to switch between different...

In Linux, we can have multiple user accounts. Sometimes, we may need to remove some users to deny their access to the system. In such cases, we have to delete the user account. We can use userdel command line utilities to delete user accoun...

The file permission system is one of the fundamental security elements of the Linux operating system. These features allow us to adjust file permissions and access modes. We provide permissions based on appropriate rights to avoid vulnerabi...

This article shows you how to install Apache web server on Ubuntu and Debian, set it up, and access the access logs. Apache Web Server in Ubuntu and Debian Apache HTTP Server is a free and open source web server that is very popular. More t...

IP stands for Internet Protocol, which specifies the principles of Internet communications. An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique identifier for each device on the Internet, allowing data to be transferred between connected devices....

cp We can use the and commands in Linux Terminal rsync to copy files and directories. cp The command is generally used to copy files, while rsync the command is generally used to copy directories. Use cp the command to copy files We use com...

We can use the redirection ( ) operator and tee the command to append text to a file. We have to make sure we have enough permissions to add text to the file. If we don't have enough permissions, we may get a permission denied error. Use th...

This article explains what a shell is, find out which shell you are currently using, check a list of all available shells, and the difference between sh and . bash What is a Shell A shell is a computer program that accepts commands. It also...

This article explains the difference between ~./bash_profile and files in Bash. ~/.bashrc What are startup files in Bash? Startup files are files that are executed after the shell is started. The startup files depend on the type of shell th...

In programming, a shebang is a series of tags and exclamation marks #! at the beginning of a file. It then provides the entire path to the interpreter that will execute the file's code /bin/bash . After that, comes the code itself. The inte...

This article explains the difference between login shells and non-login shells in UNIX-based systems. What is Shell in UNIX based systems The shell in UNIX based systems is the interface between the user and the kernel of the operating syst...